ådi tåla |
8 beat tåla, the most common tåla in present day South Indian music, |
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full name chatusra jåti triputa tåla |
akshara(kåla) |
beat |
anågala eduppu |
eduppu falls after samam |
anga |
literally limb, part of a tåla |
anudrutam, anudruta, |
one beat anga |
anuloma |
multiplying the speed |
arai chåpu |
kind of stroke that brings out the second harmonic |
ardi, arudi |
1. short cadential kanakku 2. structural point in the middle of the |
composition |
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atita |
eduppu eduppu lies before samam, at the end of a presumed prior avartanam |
avartanam |
cycle |
bani |
playing tradition |
bhedam |
change through replacement |
cadential |
leading to a structural point, such as sam or ardi |
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chåpu |
resonant mridangam stroke that brings out the first harmonic |
chåpu, tålas |
the other now regular tålas, probably from folkloric origin, the name |
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chåpu comes from såyppu, Tamil for bent |
chatusra |
1. four 2. subdivision: four måtras per beat |
dim |
resonant mridangam stroke that brings out the tonic |
dhruva |
type of sulådi tåla |
drutam |
2 beat anga |
durita kåla(m) |
fast speed |
eduppu |
starting point of the melody (Tamil) |
gamaka |
melodic ornamentation |
gati |
subdivision fixed in tåla rendition |
ghåtam |
claypot |
gråha |
eduppu (Sanskrit) |
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gumki |
resonant bass stroke involving pitch bending, percussion equivalent of |
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gamaka |
guru |
guide, teacher |
gurukula |
guru-shisya system |
guru-shisya system |
traditional way of learning an instrument by living with the guru |
arai chåpu |
half chåpu |
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jati |
1. syllables 2. quick phrases such as farans |
jåti |
classification type (3, 4, 5, 7, 9) |
jhampa |
type of sulådi tåla |
kacceri |
concert |
kalå (kalai) |
subdivision of the beat in counting, one of the tåla dasa prånas |
kalpana svara |
improvised section based on varying the notes |
kalpita |
prepared music |
kanakku |
structures involving regrouping of måtras not following the pulse of the |
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tåla, creating tension |
kanjira |
single headed tambourine |
Kannada |
language of Karnataka, one of the four South Indian states |
karnatak, carnatic, |
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karnatic music |
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South Indian classical music |
kårvai |
gap |
khanda |
1. five 2. subdivision: five måtras per beat |
khanda chåpu |
fast five beat tåla, not belonging to the sulådi system |
konnakol |
use of solkattu in concert |
koraippu |
1. reducing structure 2. decreasing question and answer in improvised |
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section |
korvai, kovai |
final cadential structure (Tamil) |
kriti |
type of composition, often referred to as “song” |
kriyå |
movement for tålacounting |
laghu |
3, 4, 5, 7, 9 beat anga |
laya |
tempo |
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laya vinyasa |
the intricacies of laya; vinyasa is expansion |
laya suddha |
accuracy in rhythm |
madhya |
medium |
madhyama kålam |
medium speed |
mahå prånas |
the first five or main tåla dasa prånas |
Malayalam |
language of Kerala, one of the four South Indian states |
manodharma |
improvisation (Sanskrit) |
måtra |
unit, often called syllables in English |
mishra |
1. seven 2. subdivision: three seven per beat |
mishra chåpu |
fast seven beat tåla, not belonging to sulådi tålas |
mittu |
1. outer ring of the valantalai 2. type of stroke: resonant on the outer |
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ring |
mohra, mora, |
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percussion only cadential formula to indicate the ending of the |
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percussion solo section |
morsing |
jew’s harp |
motta kanakku |
using a new nadai in a superimposed pulse |
mridangam |
doubleheaded barrelshaped drum, main South Indian percussion |
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instrument |
mrudangam, |
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mrdangam |
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mrdangam, |
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mrdanga, etc |
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mudivu |
conclusion of a phrase |
mukhtaya |
korvai (Kannada) |
mukhtayam |
korvai (Telegu) |
nadai |
1. subdivision of the beat 2. timekeeping pattern with calculation |
nam |
resonant stroke on the mittu |
nåtu |
type of stroke: non resonant on the soru |
neraval |
type of melodic improvisation based on altering the pitches while |
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retaining the rhythmical frame |
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cadradhår |
in korvai, the first time the phrase ends just after the sam, then moves |
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back until it lands on the sam the third time |
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pada |
part of korvai |
pallavi |
1. first section of the composed part of a kriti 2. tåla oriented type of |
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composition |
pharans |
fast filler phrases on percussion instrument |
polyrhythm |
a rhythmic phenomenon that gives the feeling that the music, |
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temporarily, has a different tempo by suggesting different subdivisions |
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and/or a different pulse |
praståra |
permutations and combinations |
pratiloma |
1. changing the tålaspeed while keeping the music in the same tempo |
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(mainly used as an excercise 2. halving the tempo |
purvardam |
first pada of a korvai |
råga |
mode and characteristic phrases, turns etc |
råga bhåva |
the mood of a råga |
rupaka |
3 or 6 beats, common tåla, full name tisra jåti rupaka tåla |
sabha |
specialist concert venue with knowledgeable audience |
såhityam |
lyrics |
samam |
first beat of a tåla |
sama eduppu |
eduppu coincides with samam |
sangati |
composed variation on the pallavi |
sangita |
music |
sankirna |
1. nine 2. subdivision: nine måtras per beat |
Sanskrit |
India’s scholars’ language |
sapta tåla gita |
the knowledge that in 420 beats, all seven types of tålas will land on the |
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same downbeat |
sarvalaghu |
timekeeping pattern without calculation |
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solkat |
variation in drumming |
solkattu |
drumming language: syllables used in percussion for learning and |
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performance (see also konnakol) |
sulådi (sapta) tålas |
the now common tålas, there are seven types with five possibilities each |
svara kalpana |
free melodic improvisation technique, section in elaborated |
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composition |
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tadiginathom |
stroke combination often used in uttarardam |
tåla |
time cycle |
tåla dasa prånas |
the ten “life giving elements” for the tåla |
tåla pradhana |
tåla oriented composition type |
tåla vadyam |
percussion ensemble |
Tamil |
language of Tamil Nadu, one of the four South Indian states |
tånam |
permutation based melodic improvisation technique, unmetred section |
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in the rågam tåˆam pallavi form |
tani avartanam |
percussion solo section in a concert |
tavil |
percussion instrument used in temple music and laya vinyasa ensemble |
Telegu |
language of Andhra Pradesh, one of the four South Indian states |
thom |
bass stroke on the mridangam; resonant |
tillåna |
lighter type of composition |
tirmånam |
dance term for kØrvai, sometimes used to indicate ardi |
tisra, trisyam |
1. three 2. subdivision: three måtras per beat |
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trikålam |
three speeds: first, second (double), third (quadruple) |
triputa |
type of sulådi tåla |
tukra |
the last section of a concert, after the main item, consisting of lighter |
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songs |
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cadradhår |
in korvai, the phrase ends just before the sam the first time, then moves |
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forward until it lands on the sam after the third time |
upa pakka vadyam |
secondary percussion instruments |
upa prånas |
the secondary tåla dasa prånas |
urtus |
see pharans |
uttarardam |
last part of a korvai, usually a form of the phrase tadiginathom |
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valantalai high head of the mridangam, tuned to the tonic |
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varnam |
type of composition used in teaching and to open a concert |
vilamba kåla |
slow speed |
viloma |
reverse |
viråma |
old term for anudrutam |
visu |
or the empty part of the tåla, usually on the half of the avartanam; the |
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equivalent of the hindustani khali |
yati |
rhythmical shape |
©2012 Christian Schmidhofer • Mühlraingasse 4 • 36137 Müs (Fulda)